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Different transmission modes include simplex (one-way), duplex (one-way at a time), and full duplex (both ways at the same time). Data exchange can be done through circuit, packet, or message switching. Communication protocols involve syntax, semantics, and timing. The OSI model includes physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The TCP/IP model includes network interface, internet, transport, and application layers.

Transmission Methods#

Classified by Transmission Direction#

  1. Simplex: A working mode that can only transmit in one direction
  2. Duplex: Only allows data to pass in one direction on the line at the same time
  3. Full Duplex: Both sides can communicate data simultaneously

Classified by Transmission Object#

  • Unicast: 1 to 1
  • Multicast: 1 to many
  • Broadcast: 1 to all

Data Exchange#

Circuit, Message, Packet

Circuit Switching#

The entire message is continuously transmitted from the source to the destination

Message Switching#

The entire message is first sent to the adjacent node

Packet Switching#

Divide a message into multiple packets, transmit to the adjacent node, look up the forwarding table, and then forward to the next node

Communication Protocols and Architectures#

Three Elements of Network Protocols#

Mnemonic: Three elements of network protocols, syntax, semantics, and synchronization
🤦The new version is syntax, semantics, synchronization

  1. Syntax
  2. Semantics
  3. Timing Synchronization

OSI Reference Model#

==Ranked from low to high, lower layers serve upper layers==
Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer, Session Layer, Presentation Layer, Application Layer

  1. Application Layer: Uses application programs through network services
  2. Presentation Layer:
  3. Session Layer
  4. Transport Layer
  5. Network Layer: Unit is packet, builds on the data link layer, implements communication between points, provides routing function, implements congestion control, network interconnection, and other functions
  6. Data Link Layer: Unit is frame, builds on the physical layer, provides services between nodes, adopts error control and flow control methods, implements network interconnection
  7. Physical Layer: Unit is bit, uses transmission media to establish communication between network nodes

TCP/IP Reference Model#

  1. Network Interface Layer: Physical Layer and Data Link Layer
  2. Internet Layer: Network Layer
  3. Transport Layer
  4. Application Layer: Session Layer, Presentation Layer, Application Layer
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